🌟Drug toxicity refers to the level of damage that a compound can cause to an organism. The toxic effects of a drug are dose-dependent and can affect an entire system as in the CNS or a specific organ such as the liver.

🌟Possible symptoms of poisoning include:

 • Nausea and/or vomiting.

 • Diarrhea.

 • Rash.

 • Redness or sores around the mouth.

 • Dry mouth.

 • Drooling or foaming at the mouth.

 • Trouble breathing.

 • Dilated pupils (bigger than normal) or constricted pupils (smaller than normal)

🌟Antidotes are agents that negate the effect of a poison or toxin. Antidotes mediate its effect either by preventing the absorption of the toxin, by binding and neutralizing the poison, antagonizing its end-organ effect, or by inhibition of conversion of the toxin to more toxic metabolites

🌟Mechanism of action of antidotes

Reduction in free toxin level can be achieved by specific and non-specific agents that bind to the toxin. The most commonly used non-specific binding agent is activated charcoal. Specific binders include chelating agents, bioscavenger therapy and immunotherapy. In some situations, enhanced elimination can be achieved by urinary alkalization or hemadsorption. Competitive inhibition of enzymes (e.g. ethanol for methanol poisoning), enhancement of enzyme function (e.g. oximes for organophosphorus poisoning) and competitive receptor blockade (e.g. naloxone, flumazenil) are other mechanisms by which antidotes act

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6996653/